Portál AbcLinuxu, 1. května 2025 07:39
ktery jiz v roce 1995 napr. v nemecke televizi varoval pred Internetem a to v dobejeste, ze nas nevaroval pred elektrinou, automobily a bleskosvodem. mimochodem vyse zmineny vztah data ~ hypoteza ~ informace, mne pripadne hodne popularnenaucny.
nadsen moznostmi pocitacu vytvoril program ELIZA, ktery mel v konecnem stadiu nahradit terapeuta, ktery hovori s pacientemTahle věta staví váš příspěvek do trochu zvláštního světla. Sám se v příspěvku nenápadně otřete o kde co a kde koho, a pak touhle větou shodíte jednak svého oblíbence Josepha Weizenbauma, jednak sám sebe. Josepha Weizenbauma proto, že pokud by si on opravdu myslel, že dokáže napsat program, který nahradí terapeuta hovořícího s pacientem, byl by to blázen a ne vizionář nebo „jeden z těch, kteří mají titul Profesor oprávněně“. A sám sebe jste tou větou shodil proto, že Joseph Weizenbaum ten program nevytvořil se záměrem, aby program nahradil terapeutický rozhovor s pacientem, ale jako parodii na takový (nejspíš ne příliš šťastně vedený) rozhovor.
Jedná se naskenovaný papír zabalený do PDF, takže citace nebude tak snadná.
Weizenbaum především rozebírá technickou stránku problému (analýza anglické věty, identifikace klíčových slov, hledání vhodné odpovědi, vypořádání se s nedostakem klíčových slov a režim učení).
Nicméně se také věnuje společenskému dopadu jeho programu. Zpočátku se podivuje, jak jednoduchý algoritmus může vyvolat zdání inteligence:
Ohledně výběru formy dialogu (jedna z metod psychiatrického vyšetření) píše:Introduction
It is said that to explain is to explain away. This maxim is nowhere so well fulfilled as in the area of computer programming, especially in what is called heuristic programming and artificial intelligence. For in those realms machines are made to behave in wondrous ways, often sufficient to dazzle even the most experienced observer. But once a particular program is unmasked, once its inner workings are explained in language sufficiently plain to iduce understanding, its magic crumbles away; it stands revealed as a mere collection of procedures, each quite comprehensible. The observer says to himself "I could have written that". With that thought he moves the program in question from the shelf marked "intelligent", to that reserved for curious, fit to be discussed only with people less enlightened than he.
Nakonec se vrací ke společenské odpovědnosti ohledně podveditelnosti člověka:Discussion
At this writing, the only serious ELIZA scripts which exist are some which cause ELIZA to respond roughly as would certain psychotherapists (Rogerians). ELIZA performs best when its human correspondent is initially instructed to "talk" to it, via the typewriter of course, just as one would to a psychiatrist. This mode of conversation was choosen because the psychyatric interview is one ogf the few examples of catagorized dyadic natural language communication in which one of the participating pair is free to assume the pose of knowing almost nothing of the real world. If, for example, one were to tell a psychiatrist "I went for a long boat ride" and he responded "Tell me about boats", one would not assume that he knew nothing about boats, but that he had some purpose in so directing the subsequent conversation. It is important to note that this assumption is one made by the speaker. Wheter it is realistic or not is an altogether separate question. In any case, it has a crutial psychological utility in that it serves the speaker to maintain his sense of being heard and understood. The speaker further defends his impression (which even in real life may be illusory) by attributing to his conversational partner all sorts of background knowledge, insights and reasoning ability. But again, these are the speaker's contribution to the conversation. They manifest themselves inferentially in the interprelations he makes of the offered responses. From the purely technical progamming point of view then, the psychiatric interview form of an ELIZA script has the advantage that it eliminates the need of storing explicit information about hte real world.
With ELIZA as the basic vehicle, experiments may be set up in which the subject find it credible to believe that the response which appear in his typewriter are generated by a human sitting at a similar instrument in another room. How must the script be written in order to maintain the credibility of this idea over a long period of time? How can the performance of ELIZA be systematically degraded in order to achieve controlled and predictable thresholds of credibility in the subject? What, in all this, is the role if the initial instruction to the subject? On the other hand, suppose the subject is told he is communicating which a machine. What is he led to belive about the machine as a result of his conversational experience with it? Some subjects have been very hard to convince that ELIZA (with its present script) is not human. This is a striking form of Turing's test. What experimental design would make it more nearly rigorous and airtight?
Nastesti se o tom v ceskych mediich moc nepsalo, proc nastesti, to se dovi zvidavy ctenar dale.no nejak jsem se to nedovedel, nebo jsem zle cetl?
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