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Od posledka jsem provedl rw kontrolu pomocí badblocks, nechal jsem proběhnout standardní 4 testovací vzory. Nenašlo to vůbec nic. Poté jsem několikrát kontroloval pomocí dlouhých a krátkých testů smart. Zase nic. Takže teď smartctl ukazuje všechny hodnoty úplně normální a téměř shodné se sesterským diskem, který je v témže zařízení. Jenom ta hodnota Raw_Read_Error_Rate je jiná, nenulová. Od posledka se nezměnila. Další rozdíl je ten, že kontrolovaný disk si pamatuje, že "ATA Error Count" je celkem 77. Tady je výsledek ze smartctl:

smartctl 6.2 (build date Mar  3 2014) [armv5tel-linux-2.6.32.12] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-13, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family:     Western Digital Red (AF)
Device Model:     WDC WD20EFRX-68AX9N0
Firmware Version: 80.00A80
User Capacity:    2,000,398,934,016 bytes [2.00 TB]
Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is:   ACS-2 (minor revision not indicated)
SATA Version is:  SATA 3.0, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is:    Fri Oct 31 15:50:15 2014 CET
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x03)	Offline data collection activity
					is in progress.
					Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0)	The previous self-test routine completed
					without error or no self-test has ever 
					been run.
Total time to complete Offline 
data collection: 		(27240) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: 			 (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
					Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
					Suspend Offline collection upon new
					command.
					Offline surface scan supported.
					Self-test supported.
					Conveyance Self-test supported.
					Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003)	Saves SMART data before entering
					power-saving mode.
					Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01)	Error logging supported.
					General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine 
recommended polling time: 	 (   2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: 	 ( 275) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: 	 (   5) minutes.
SCT capabilities: 	       (0x70bd)	SCT Status supported.
					SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
					SCT Feature Control supported.
					SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x002f   200   200   051    Pre-fail  Always       -       1202
  3 Spin_Up_Time            0x0027   177   175   021    Pre-fail  Always       -       4133
  4 Start_Stop_Count        0x0032   099   099   000    Old_age   Always       -       1830
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   200   200   140    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  7 Seek_Error_Rate         0x002e   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0032   078   078   000    Old_age   Always       -       16490
 10 Spin_Retry_Count        0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
 11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032   100   253   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       36
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       26
193 Load_Cycle_Count        0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       1803
194 Temperature_Celsius     0x0022   114   101   000    Old_age   Always       -       33
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
197 Current_Pending_Sector  0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable   0x0030   100   253   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate   0x0008   200   200   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0

SMART Error Log Version: 1
ATA Error Count: 77 (device log contains only the most recent five errors)
	CR = Command Register [HEX]
	FR = Features Register [HEX]
	SC = Sector Count Register [HEX]
	SN = Sector Number Register [HEX]
	CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX]
	CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX]
	DH = Device/Head Register [HEX]
	DC = Device Command Register [HEX]
	ER = Error register [HEX]
	ST = Status register [HEX]
Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as
DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes,
SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days.

Error 77 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 16227 hours (676 days + 3 hours)
  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:
  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
  -- -- -- -- -- -- --
  40 51 01 3f ec 5b e0  Error: UNC at LBA = 0x005bec3f = 6024255

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name
  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------
  20 00 01 3f ec 5b e0 08  33d+21:35:59.928  READ SECTOR(S)
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 00 08  33d+21:35:59.898  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08  33d+21:35:59.849  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 08  33d+21:35:59.849  SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode]

Error 76 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 16227 hours (676 days + 3 hours)
  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:
  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
  -- -- -- -- -- -- --
  40 51 01 3e ec 5b e0  Error: UNC at LBA = 0x005bec3e = 6024254

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name
  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------
  20 00 01 3e ec 5b e0 08  33d+21:35:59.609  READ SECTOR(S)
  20 00 01 3d ec 5b e0 08  33d+21:35:59.597  READ SECTOR(S)
  20 00 01 3c ec 5b e0 08  33d+21:35:59.585  READ SECTOR(S)
  20 00 01 3b ec 5b e0 08  33d+21:35:59.573  READ SECTOR(S)
  20 00 01 3a ec 5b e0 08  33d+21:35:59.561  READ SECTOR(S)

Error 75 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 16227 hours (676 days + 3 hours)
  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:
  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
  -- -- -- -- -- -- --
  40 51 01 35 ec 5b e0  Error: UNC at LBA = 0x005bec35 = 6024245

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name
  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------
  20 00 01 35 ec 5b e0 08  33d+21:35:59.169  READ SECTOR(S)
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 00 08  33d+21:35:59.138  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08  33d+21:35:59.090  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 08  33d+21:35:59.090  SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode]

Error 74 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 16227 hours (676 days + 3 hours)
  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:
  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
  -- -- -- -- -- -- --
  40 51 01 34 ec 5b e0  Error: UNC at LBA = 0x005bec34 = 6024244

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name
  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------
  20 00 01 34 ec 5b e0 08  33d+21:35:58.849  READ SECTOR(S)
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 00 08  33d+21:35:58.819  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08  33d+21:35:58.770  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 08  33d+21:35:58.770  SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode]

Error 73 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 16227 hours (676 days + 3 hours)
  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:
  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
  -- -- -- -- -- -- --
  40 51 01 33 ec 5b e0  Error: UNC at LBA = 0x005bec33 = 6024243

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name
  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------
  20 00 01 33 ec 5b e0 08  33d+21:35:58.521  READ SECTOR(S)
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 00 08  33d+21:35:58.493  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 08  33d+21:35:58.460  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 08  33d+21:35:58.460  SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode]

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error
# 1  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16476         -
# 2  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16452         -
# 3  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16428         -
# 4  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16404         -
# 5  Extended offline    Completed without error       00%     16385         -
# 6  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16357         -
# 7  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16356         -
# 8  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16344         -
# 9  Extended offline    Completed without error       00%     16329         -
#10  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16323         -
#11  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16323         -
#12  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16323         -
#13  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16320         -
#14  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16320         -
#15  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16320         -
#16  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16320         -
#17  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16320         -
#18  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16320         -
#19  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16320         -
#20  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16320         -
#21  Short offline       Completed without error       00%     16320         -

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
    1        0        0  Not_testing
    2        0        0  Not_testing
    3        0        0  Not_testing
    4        0        0  Not_testing
    5        0        0  Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

NAS server (Synology DS410j) jsem rozebral, vyčistil, disky vyjmul a zase dal na místo (to jsem měl udělat na začátku). Poté jsem zase zařadil disk do raidu a normálně ho používám. NAS server přestal na disk nadávat.

Nafouklých kondenzátorů jsem si nevšiml. Kabely se vyměnit nedají, protože tam žádné nejsou. Tedy nějaké asi ano, ale jsou nestandardní, zabudované. Disky se prostě jenom zasunují (a přišroubují, což mám poctivě udělané). NAS server je po celou dobu své existence napájený z UPS.

Každopádně děkuji za spolupráci Maxovi i tobě. Chystal jsem se sepsat toto shrnutí, ale nemohl jsem se k tomu pořád dostat.

Btw: otázka ze subjectu zůstala nezodpovězena, ale měl jsem kliku, na tom druhém disku, který se fakt položil, jsem přišel pouze o data v jednom bezvýznamném adresáři, která po přeinstalaci stejně ztratila význam.